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Journal
North China Earthquake Sciences
- Supervisor：Hebei Earthquake Administration
- Chief Editor：Dai Bosheng
- Address：Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province
- ISSN：1003-1375
- CN：13-1102/P
- Sponsor：Hebei Earthquake Administration
- Language：Chinese
Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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2022, 40(4): 1-6, 18.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.001
Abstract:
In view of the current situation that a large amount of basic data is needed in the field of post-earthquake emergency rescue, we collected and collated the historical earthquake information in China since 1990 to satisfy the demand for earthquake emergency and rescue, decision making and so on. Therefore, with data deep analysis and classification, this database structure design is based on open source database mongo architecture, aiming to establish a database for earthquake emergency response information, to realize fast query of earthquake disaster information, statistics, calls and other functions. It improves the accuracy and precision of the basic emergency database, realizes the scientific, standardized and systematic management of earthquake information, and provides data guarantee for the rapid evaluation technology system of earthquake and auxiliary decision-making.
In view of the current situation that a large amount of basic data is needed in the field of post-earthquake emergency rescue, we collected and collated the historical earthquake information in China since 1990 to satisfy the demand for earthquake emergency and rescue, decision making and so on. Therefore, with data deep analysis and classification, this database structure design is based on open source database mongo architecture, aiming to establish a database for earthquake emergency response information, to realize fast query of earthquake disaster information, statistics, calls and other functions. It improves the accuracy and precision of the basic emergency database, realizes the scientific, standardized and systematic management of earthquake information, and provides data guarantee for the rapid evaluation technology system of earthquake and auxiliary decision-making.
2022, 40(4): 7-11.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.002
Abstract:
Based on the "five generation map", an open-source visual calculation software of seismic ground motion parameters is designed by using PyQt5. The software mainly includes two functions: ① Calculate all seismic ground motion parameters based on the PGA and the Tg of the basis ground motion of the Ⅱ class field; ② Adjust the value of PGA for multiple points according to the site type, and partition the adjusted results. The software has effectively improved the work efficiency in the seismic safety evaluation and the national earthquake risk survey, and has been widely used.
Based on the "five generation map", an open-source visual calculation software of seismic ground motion parameters is designed by using PyQt5. The software mainly includes two functions: ① Calculate all seismic ground motion parameters based on the PGA and the Tg of the basis ground motion of the Ⅱ class field; ② Adjust the value of PGA for multiple points according to the site type, and partition the adjusted results. The software has effectively improved the work efficiency in the seismic safety evaluation and the national earthquake risk survey, and has been widely used.
2022, 40(4): 12-18.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.003
Abstract:
At present, Hebei Earthquake Early Warning system has two systems, JEEW and EEW. The logs produced by the two systems have no parameter description, which is not convenient for analysis and processing. The Earthquake early warning log analysis system adopts B/S architecture, which can analyze the log information produced by the two Earthquake Early Warning systems. The early warning log analysis system adopts B/S structure, which can analyze and process the log information produced by the two Earthquake Early Warning systems, visualize the information in the log with tables and maps, clearly and intuitively see the data change process in the output process of early warning results. It can also compare the early warning information with the result of rapid report, so as to improve early warning log using value.
At present, Hebei Earthquake Early Warning system has two systems, JEEW and EEW. The logs produced by the two systems have no parameter description, which is not convenient for analysis and processing. The Earthquake early warning log analysis system adopts B/S architecture, which can analyze the log information produced by the two Earthquake Early Warning systems. The early warning log analysis system adopts B/S structure, which can analyze and process the log information produced by the two Earthquake Early Warning systems, visualize the information in the log with tables and maps, clearly and intuitively see the data change process in the output process of early warning results. It can also compare the early warning information with the result of rapid report, so as to improve early warning log using value.
2022, 40(4): 19-27.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.004
Abstract:
Based on the five evaluation index data of 70 earthquakes in China from 1990 to 2011 and the number of earthquake casualties, a projection pursuit regression (S-PPR) model based on SMART algorithm was established by using five-fold cross-validation method. The proportion of the sample with the prediction error of less than 0, 1, 2 and 10 people was 41.2%, 61.8%, 75% and 92.6%, respectively. The proportion of the sample with the prediction error of less than 1 person in the four test samples was 75%, which indicated that the S-PPR model had high prediction accuracy. Among the five evaluation indexes, the earthquake magnitude has the most significant impact on the number of earthquake casualties, followed by the population density, by the time of the earthquake, the epicenter intensity, and the ΔL the relatively small impact. For the data of this example, multiple-fold cross-validation method is not adopted, although the BPNN model structure meets the most basic requirements of establishing BPNN model, and the BPNN model with small error can be "pick out" and "high precision" for the training set data as well as the testing set data, the “pick out” BPNN model has no generalization ability and practical value. Moreover, the main problems in the published articles in the process of establishing the BPNN, RFR, SVM, RBFNN and ELM models for earthquake casualty assessment are also analyzed. Compared with MLR and BPNN models established by cross-validation method, S-PPR model has better data fitting ability, generalization ability and robustness, and also expands new methods and techniques for earthquake casualty assessment.
Based on the five evaluation index data of 70 earthquakes in China from 1990 to 2011 and the number of earthquake casualties, a projection pursuit regression (S-PPR) model based on SMART algorithm was established by using five-fold cross-validation method. The proportion of the sample with the prediction error of less than 0, 1, 2 and 10 people was 41.2%, 61.8%, 75% and 92.6%, respectively. The proportion of the sample with the prediction error of less than 1 person in the four test samples was 75%, which indicated that the S-PPR model had high prediction accuracy. Among the five evaluation indexes, the earthquake magnitude has the most significant impact on the number of earthquake casualties, followed by the population density, by the time of the earthquake, the epicenter intensity, and the ΔL the relatively small impact. For the data of this example, multiple-fold cross-validation method is not adopted, although the BPNN model structure meets the most basic requirements of establishing BPNN model, and the BPNN model with small error can be "pick out" and "high precision" for the training set data as well as the testing set data, the “pick out” BPNN model has no generalization ability and practical value. Moreover, the main problems in the published articles in the process of establishing the BPNN, RFR, SVM, RBFNN and ELM models for earthquake casualty assessment are also analyzed. Compared with MLR and BPNN models established by cross-validation method, S-PPR model has better data fitting ability, generalization ability and robustness, and also expands new methods and techniques for earthquake casualty assessment.
2022, 40(4): 28-33.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.005
Abstract:
Using direct survey method to obtain the data of earthquake early warning related to cognitive, and multivariate ordered Logistic regression model to screening the influencing factors of public awareness of earthquake early warning indicators. By means of frequency analysis, cross analysis and description analysis, the user profile oriented to the cognitive theme of earthquake early warning is constructed. It can intuitively, concretely and vividly show the public's cognition of earthquake early warning. According to the results, four earthquake early warning information service countermeasures and suggestions are put forward, including publicity and training, release and coverage, drill and disposal, false alarm and measures, in order to better expand the earthquake early warning information release work and provide high-quality public services for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.
Using direct survey method to obtain the data of earthquake early warning related to cognitive, and multivariate ordered Logistic regression model to screening the influencing factors of public awareness of earthquake early warning indicators. By means of frequency analysis, cross analysis and description analysis, the user profile oriented to the cognitive theme of earthquake early warning is constructed. It can intuitively, concretely and vividly show the public's cognition of earthquake early warning. According to the results, four earthquake early warning information service countermeasures and suggestions are put forward, including publicity and training, release and coverage, drill and disposal, false alarm and measures, in order to better expand the earthquake early warning information release work and provide high-quality public services for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.
2022, 40(4): 34-39.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.006
Abstract:
Combined with the requirements for seismic thematic mapping in earthquake emergency, this paper realizes the automatic acquisition of seismic information, the generation of seismic influence field and the automatic output of thematic map in QGIS and PostGIS by studying the open source GIS platform, and constructs a multi service parallel operation framework by combining with Docker micro service application container, so as to finally realize the automatic output of seismic thematic map based on the open source platform. The system improves the drawing efficiency and operation stability of seismic emergency thematic map, and reduces the cost of system development and operation and maintenance.
Combined with the requirements for seismic thematic mapping in earthquake emergency, this paper realizes the automatic acquisition of seismic information, the generation of seismic influence field and the automatic output of thematic map in QGIS and PostGIS by studying the open source GIS platform, and constructs a multi service parallel operation framework by combining with Docker micro service application container, so as to finally realize the automatic output of seismic thematic map based on the open source platform. The system improves the drawing efficiency and operation stability of seismic emergency thematic map, and reduces the cost of system development and operation and maintenance.
2022, 40(4): 40-49.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.007
Abstract:
In this paper, a building vulnerability analysis model in southern Sichuan is established by using the method of mainly statistical analysis of seismic hazards and supplemented by numerical simulation. Firstly, through field investigation, the structural characteristics and seismic damage characteristics of civil, brick wood, brick concrete and frame residential buildings are summarized and analyzed. Then, the investigation results of the damage proportion of these four types of buildings are extracted and counted from the seismic damage related data of buildings in the historical earthquake in southern Sichuan, and the empirical vulnerability matrix of various structures is obtained. In view of the imperfect failure ratio of different structural types under different intensities, this paper uses the beta distribution probability density function fitting method to improve the vulnerability matrix of residential buildings. Finally, the vulnerability curves of various structures under different intensities are further fitted, which provides a scientific basis for pre earthquake risk assessment and post earthquake disaster damage assessment in this area.
In this paper, a building vulnerability analysis model in southern Sichuan is established by using the method of mainly statistical analysis of seismic hazards and supplemented by numerical simulation. Firstly, through field investigation, the structural characteristics and seismic damage characteristics of civil, brick wood, brick concrete and frame residential buildings are summarized and analyzed. Then, the investigation results of the damage proportion of these four types of buildings are extracted and counted from the seismic damage related data of buildings in the historical earthquake in southern Sichuan, and the empirical vulnerability matrix of various structures is obtained. In view of the imperfect failure ratio of different structural types under different intensities, this paper uses the beta distribution probability density function fitting method to improve the vulnerability matrix of residential buildings. Finally, the vulnerability curves of various structures under different intensities are further fitted, which provides a scientific basis for pre earthquake risk assessment and post earthquake disaster damage assessment in this area.
2022, 40(4): 50-58.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.008
Abstract:
Taking the Yangbi M6.4 earthquake in Yunnan Province on May 21, 2021 as an example, the water level data of 32 wells in Yunnan Province from January 2017 to July 2021 were collected. The spatio-temporal variation characteristics of M2 wave tidal factor were calculated by baytap-G program, and the relationship between the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of fluid earth tidal parameters and seismogenesis was discussed. The results show that:(1) Before the Yangbe earthquake, the North-South fluid tide factor of the epicenter showed an upward trend, showing stress accumulation; The East-West fluid tidal factor of the epicenter shows a downward trend, which is manifested in stress release. Combined with the focal mechanism type of the earthquake, it is concluded that the temporal and spatial variation form of tidal factor is mainly affected by the main stress direction of the earthquake, compression in the north-south direction and tension in the east-west direction. (2) According to the linear pore elasticity theory and coseismic volume strain theory, it is concluded that the water level rises in the north-south direction of the epicenter, indicating that the compression stress in the north-south direction is basically controlled; The water level drops in the east-west direction of the epicenter, indicating that the east-west direction is basically controlled by tensile tension. The conclusion is consistent with the focal mechanism solution of the earthquake, which verifies the correctness of the conclusion again. (3) The borehole pressure is distributed in four quadrants around the strike slip fault fracture zone, and the water level tidal factor and water level near the epicenter basically accord with the four quadrant distribution.
Taking the Yangbi M6.4 earthquake in Yunnan Province on May 21, 2021 as an example, the water level data of 32 wells in Yunnan Province from January 2017 to July 2021 were collected. The spatio-temporal variation characteristics of M2 wave tidal factor were calculated by baytap-G program, and the relationship between the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of fluid earth tidal parameters and seismogenesis was discussed. The results show that:(1) Before the Yangbe earthquake, the North-South fluid tide factor of the epicenter showed an upward trend, showing stress accumulation; The East-West fluid tidal factor of the epicenter shows a downward trend, which is manifested in stress release. Combined with the focal mechanism type of the earthquake, it is concluded that the temporal and spatial variation form of tidal factor is mainly affected by the main stress direction of the earthquake, compression in the north-south direction and tension in the east-west direction. (2) According to the linear pore elasticity theory and coseismic volume strain theory, it is concluded that the water level rises in the north-south direction of the epicenter, indicating that the compression stress in the north-south direction is basically controlled; The water level drops in the east-west direction of the epicenter, indicating that the east-west direction is basically controlled by tensile tension. The conclusion is consistent with the focal mechanism solution of the earthquake, which verifies the correctness of the conclusion again. (3) The borehole pressure is distributed in four quadrants around the strike slip fault fracture zone, and the water level tidal factor and water level near the epicenter basically accord with the four quadrant distribution.
2022, 40(4): 59-68.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.009
Abstract:
The characteristics of tide factor and component trend of four pendulum tiltmeters (SSQ、VS、RZB and CZB) at Tai'an station are analyzed using Correlation Coefficient method. The influence of pumping water and rainfall on tilt observation data is analyzed by using S-transform and rainfall efficiency, and the degree of influence of air pressure variation interference and the ability of reflecting earthquake are also analyzed. The results show that the pendulum tilt observation has certain consistency in the changing trend, as well as in the influence of pumping water, air pressure and rainfall disturbance, so it can support each other in the data analysis and anomaly recognition. The consistency of observation between SSQ and VS instrument is the highest, however, there are differences in their specific manifestations and the extent of change. The frequency of pumping interference signal is below 0.6×10-3 Hz, and the NS component is more affected by pumping than the EW component. The closer the instrument is to the well, the closer the depth of the instrument is to the depth of the well, the greater the influence is. The efficiency of continuous rainfall in the initial period of rainy season is greater than that in the second period, and the efficiency of NS component is higher than that of EW component. The SSQ and VS instruments in the cave are more seriously disturbed by air pressure than the RZB and CZB instruments in the borehole. The filtering performance of the deformation instruments itself results in a great difference in the earthquake-reflecting ability of the instruments, and the difference of recorded earthquake numbers can reach nearly 12 times.
The characteristics of tide factor and component trend of four pendulum tiltmeters (SSQ、VS、RZB and CZB) at Tai'an station are analyzed using Correlation Coefficient method. The influence of pumping water and rainfall on tilt observation data is analyzed by using S-transform and rainfall efficiency, and the degree of influence of air pressure variation interference and the ability of reflecting earthquake are also analyzed. The results show that the pendulum tilt observation has certain consistency in the changing trend, as well as in the influence of pumping water, air pressure and rainfall disturbance, so it can support each other in the data analysis and anomaly recognition. The consistency of observation between SSQ and VS instrument is the highest, however, there are differences in their specific manifestations and the extent of change. The frequency of pumping interference signal is below 0.6×10-3 Hz, and the NS component is more affected by pumping than the EW component. The closer the instrument is to the well, the closer the depth of the instrument is to the depth of the well, the greater the influence is. The efficiency of continuous rainfall in the initial period of rainy season is greater than that in the second period, and the efficiency of NS component is higher than that of EW component. The SSQ and VS instruments in the cave are more seriously disturbed by air pressure than the RZB and CZB instruments in the borehole. The filtering performance of the deformation instruments itself results in a great difference in the earthquake-reflecting ability of the instruments, and the difference of recorded earthquake numbers can reach nearly 12 times.
2022, 40(4): 69-76.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.010
Abstract:
Based on the observation data from 2018 to 2020 of nine continuous observation stations constructed in Tangshan area, it is found that the annual variation of fault soil gas CO2 is mainly affected by ground temperature and rainfall. About one month before the 2018 Tangshan Guye M3.3 earthquake, 2019 Tangshan Fengnan M4.5 earthquake and 2020 Tangshan Guye M5.1 earthquake, different degrees of abnormal changes were recorded in Zhaogezhuang, Jinzhuang and Beipo. The abnormal patterns mainly included step rise, oscillation rise and sudden jump. The maximum abnormal peak value is 3.8 times of the background value. Abnormal changes in continuous observation data may contain earthquake precursory information.
Based on the observation data from 2018 to 2020 of nine continuous observation stations constructed in Tangshan area, it is found that the annual variation of fault soil gas CO2 is mainly affected by ground temperature and rainfall. About one month before the 2018 Tangshan Guye M3.3 earthquake, 2019 Tangshan Fengnan M4.5 earthquake and 2020 Tangshan Guye M5.1 earthquake, different degrees of abnormal changes were recorded in Zhaogezhuang, Jinzhuang and Beipo. The abnormal patterns mainly included step rise, oscillation rise and sudden jump. The maximum abnormal peak value is 3.8 times of the background value. Abnormal changes in continuous observation data may contain earthquake precursory information.
2022, 40(4): 77-82.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.011
Abstract:
This paper selects the continuous waveform data of Tangu station, Zhangjiakou station and Fengning station of Hebei station network from January 20 to February 10, 2020, calculates the background noise power spectral density value, and analyzes the change of background noise value with time in the high frequency band of 1 ~ 20 Hz. The results showed that during the epidemic period, the power spectrum value of 2 ~ 16 Hz high frequency band decreased, and the local daily amplitude variation reached 10 dB, with an average value of 2 ~ 5 dB. The close relationship between background noise and human activities can provide a reference for monitoring the level of urban public management.
This paper selects the continuous waveform data of Tangu station, Zhangjiakou station and Fengning station of Hebei station network from January 20 to February 10, 2020, calculates the background noise power spectral density value, and analyzes the change of background noise value with time in the high frequency band of 1 ~ 20 Hz. The results showed that during the epidemic period, the power spectrum value of 2 ~ 16 Hz high frequency band decreased, and the local daily amplitude variation reached 10 dB, with an average value of 2 ~ 5 dB. The close relationship between background noise and human activities can provide a reference for monitoring the level of urban public management.
2022, 40(4): 83-87, 94.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.012
Abstract:
In this paper, the distribution model of lithospheric magnetic field in Hebei and its surrounding areas is established. Combined with the earthquakes with Ms ≥ 5.0 occurred in this area from 1970 to 2020, the spatial distribution and seismomagnetic characteristics of lithospheric magnetic field are analyzed. The results show that the overall distribution of the lithosphere magnetic field in Hebei and its surrounding areas is relatively stable. The value of the lithospheric magnetic field in the northern part of Hebei is higher than that in the south, the value of the Yanshan block is higher than that of the North China Plain block, and the value of the lithospheric magnetic field in the area where the fault structure is developed is lower. The epicenters of Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes are mostly distributed in the low value area and near the zero line of lithospheric magnetic field.
In this paper, the distribution model of lithospheric magnetic field in Hebei and its surrounding areas is established. Combined with the earthquakes with Ms ≥ 5.0 occurred in this area from 1970 to 2020, the spatial distribution and seismomagnetic characteristics of lithospheric magnetic field are analyzed. The results show that the overall distribution of the lithosphere magnetic field in Hebei and its surrounding areas is relatively stable. The value of the lithospheric magnetic field in the northern part of Hebei is higher than that in the south, the value of the Yanshan block is higher than that of the North China Plain block, and the value of the lithospheric magnetic field in the area where the fault structure is developed is lower. The epicenters of Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes are mostly distributed in the low value area and near the zero line of lithospheric magnetic field.
2022, 40(4): 88-94.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.013
Abstract:
In this contribution, we calculated the Earth’s free oscillation stimulated by two earthquakes: the deep-source earthquake of level MS8.1 occurring in Fiji Islands on August 19, 2018, and the shallow-source earthquake of level MS8.0 taking place in New Zealand on November 13, 2016. The information of the two earthquakes was recorded by the g-Phone gravimeter and the M2166 ultra broadband seismometer from Quanzhou Station. The results are shown to match the theoretical values quite well. The slight deviations are mostly likely resulted from both the Earth’s lateral heterogeneity and the characteristics of the instrument in the low frequency range. At the same time, it is demonstrated that the harmonic frequency is recorded more clearly for deep-source earthquakes than it is for shallow-source earthquakes; and vice versa for the record of mode shape greater than 0S40.
In this contribution, we calculated the Earth’s free oscillation stimulated by two earthquakes: the deep-source earthquake of level MS8.1 occurring in Fiji Islands on August 19, 2018, and the shallow-source earthquake of level MS8.0 taking place in New Zealand on November 13, 2016. The information of the two earthquakes was recorded by the g-Phone gravimeter and the M2166 ultra broadband seismometer from Quanzhou Station. The results are shown to match the theoretical values quite well. The slight deviations are mostly likely resulted from both the Earth’s lateral heterogeneity and the characteristics of the instrument in the low frequency range. At the same time, it is demonstrated that the harmonic frequency is recorded more clearly for deep-source earthquakes than it is for shallow-source earthquakes; and vice versa for the record of mode shape greater than 0S40.
2022, 40(4): 95-99.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.014
Abstract:
In order to track seismic situation and analyze abnormal properties, Hebei seismic station, China Earthquake Networks Center and Zhangjiakou Earthquake Monitoring Center Station worked together to conduct a detailed site visiting. We use three kinds of three-dimensional load model to quantify the potential interference sources, which may have caused the effect. According to the model calculation result and time correlation between the interference and the occurrence of anomalies, I think that abnormal changes of the extensometer in Zhangjiakou seismostation is not caused by the interference of construction, which is more likely to be the real movement of the earth.
In order to track seismic situation and analyze abnormal properties, Hebei seismic station, China Earthquake Networks Center and Zhangjiakou Earthquake Monitoring Center Station worked together to conduct a detailed site visiting. We use three kinds of three-dimensional load model to quantify the potential interference sources, which may have caused the effect. According to the model calculation result and time correlation between the interference and the occurrence of anomalies, I think that abnormal changes of the extensometer in Zhangjiakou seismostation is not caused by the interference of construction, which is more likely to be the real movement of the earth.
2022, 40(4): 100-105.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.015
Abstract:
Through the calculation of the influence coefficient of layered medium, it is concluded that the data recorded by the underground resistivity observation system of Yangyuan seismic station mainly reflect the resistivity change of the medium layer where the device is located, and reflect the resistivity change of the deep medium. By comparing the observation curve of underground resistivity with rainfall and air temperature, it can be seen that underground resistivity has strong ability to suppress surface disturbance, stable change form and small annual variation range, which can highlight the anisotropy change under stress, which is conducive to the analysis and discrimination of seismic anomalies
Through the calculation of the influence coefficient of layered medium, it is concluded that the data recorded by the underground resistivity observation system of Yangyuan seismic station mainly reflect the resistivity change of the medium layer where the device is located, and reflect the resistivity change of the deep medium. By comparing the observation curve of underground resistivity with rainfall and air temperature, it can be seen that underground resistivity has strong ability to suppress surface disturbance, stable change form and small annual variation range, which can highlight the anisotropy change under stress, which is conducive to the analysis and discrimination of seismic anomalies
2020, 38(3): 1-5.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2020.03.001
2021, 39(4): 1-7.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2021.04.001
2020, 38(2): 40-44.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2020.02.007
2021, 39(3): 58-65.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2021.03.009
2020, 38(S1): 86-89.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2020.S1.019
2022, 40(3): 55-61.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.03.009
2020, 38(S2): 140-143.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2020.S2.022
2022, 40(4): 95-99.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1375.2022.04.014
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